Industry-wise ETP
IndustryMajor Effluent CharacteristicsTypical TreatmentPharmaceuticalHigh COD/BOD, solvents, antibiotics, API residues, TDS, toxic compoundsEqualization → pH correction → DAF/clarifier → biological treatment → AOP → UF/RO → MEE/ATFD if ZLDTextileHigh colour, COD, BOD, TDS, salts, dyes, suspended solidsEqualization → coagulation/flocculation → DAF/clarifier → biological → ozone/AOP → UF/ROAutomobileOil & grease, heavy metals, phosphate, paint, TSS, chemicalsOil separator → pH correction → chemical precipitation → clarifier → pressure filtration → UF/ROFood & BeverageVery high BOD/COD, organic matter, TSS, oil & greaseScreening → equalization → DAF → anaerobic/aerobic biological treatment → clarification → tertiary filtrationSteel/MetalAcids, alkalis, Fe, Cr, Zn, Ni, heavy metals, high TDSNeutralization → oxidation/reduction → heavy-metal precipitation → clarifier → filter press → MMF/UF/ROChemical IndustryHigh COD, variable pH, toxic chemicals, high TDSEqualization → neutralization → chemical treatment → biological/AOP → RO → ZLDElectroplatingCr⁶⁺, Ni, Cu, Zn, acids, alkalis, cyanide in some casesSegregation → Cr⁶⁺ reduction → heavy-metal precipitation → clarification → filtration → ROPaper & PulpHigh COD/BOD, TSS, colour, ligninPrimary clarification/DAF → biological → tertiary treatment → filtrationDistilleryExtremely high COD/BOD, dark colour, high TDSAnaerobic treatment → aerobic treatment → RO/MEE/ATFD/ZLDDairyHigh BOD/COD, fats, proteins, TSSScreening → equalization → DAF → biological treatment → clarification → tertiary treatmentCement/ConstructionTSS, turbidity, high pHSettling → pH correction → filtration/recyclePharma/APIVery high COD/TDS, difficult-to-biodegrade organicsEqualization → chemical treatment → MBBR/ASP → AOP → UF → RO → MEE/ATFD
